There are two approaches for simulating memory as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic approach and the cognitive approach. The necessary condition to put the second approach into account is to provide a model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human memory has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.

BACKGROUND: Thoracoscopy is a minimally invasive method used in diagnosis and treatment of many disorders in animals, however, its application in smaller species is limited in literature which can be contributed to the challenges faced while performing a minimally invasive procedure in smaller mammals. OBJECTIVES: Evaluating the feasibility and ideal port placement considering heart as the target organ in rabbit. Also, the impact of ventilation protocol on rate of mortality was evaluated. METHODS: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were used in this experiment. Approaches used for the introduction of the camera were Para-xiphoid and intercostal space, the optimal spot for insertion of the second trocar relative to the camera was also evaluated, lung damage and rate of mortality were assessed under two different mechanical ventilation modes of pressure-controlled and volume-controlled. RESULTS: Surgical view gained through the para-xiphoid approach is rather panoramic and spatial than the direct intercostal view, maneuver on the heart with an instrument is easier when the 5th intercostal space is used for the second trocar. With the help of PCV, lungs sustain less damage and atelectasis can be avoided till the end of the procedure and therefore, less mortality is experienced. CONCLUSIONS: Using the Para-xiphoid approach and the correct ventilation protocol provides sufficient working space under good vison, which makes the rabbit thoracoscopic heart model a practical model that can be used in many cardiac experiments.

Background & Objective: In addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the hippocampus contains Astrocytes that play important roles in regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release and memory. Learning needs some instrument for information storage and information maintenances mechanisms resemble to memory. The aim of this study was determination of spatial memory effect on the number of astrocytes in rat’s hippocampus.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, with usage of Morris Water Maze and Reference memory technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. 5 rats were in control group and 5 rats in Reference memory group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Results: The findings of this study showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and reference memory group. The mean and SD of astrocytes in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of reference memory group were 118.57±25.29, 58.91±23.59 and 116.6±31.14, that they are more than control group with 49±17.29 in CA1, 48.8±25.21 in CA2 and 41.95±11.22 in CA3. Conclusion: We concluded that the number of astrocytes increased due to spatial learning (e.g. reference memory method).

Background: Nowadays, the use of mechanical ventilation devices has a vital use in the treatment of patients hospitalized in intensive care units, while different modes of mechanical ventilation devices had different outcomes, thus this study aimed at comparing two modes of mechanical ventilation, that is the outcome of pressure regulated volume-controlled (PRVC) and Adaptive support ventilation (ASV) on hemodynamic changes and time taken to separate the patient from the device in the intensive care unit. Methods: This study is a single-blind randomized clinical trial conducted in Alzahra hospital during 2018-2019. The research population of the study included 74 patients admitted to the intensive care unit who were selected by convenience sample. The patients were ramdomly divided into two groups. The device parameters were adjusted on PRVC mode for the first group and ASV mode for the second group. The data were compared between two groups using. Data were analyzed using Chi-square tests, T-test, and repeated measures of ANOVA and ANCOVA. Findings: There was no significant difference between the two groups at different intervals in terms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, pH and HCO3, RAMSY score. The analysis of variance with repeated observations showed that both, the group and time had significant effects on SPO2 and PCO2. The average length of time connected to the mechanical ventilation device and the duration of hospitalization in the ASV group was significantly lower than the PRVC Group. Conclusion: The ASV mode more than PRVC mode decreased the length of stay and need for ventilation of hospitalized patients in intensive care units.

Background: Prevention and treatment of acute postoperative pain have an important role in improvement of patients conditions. This study aimed to compare between two methods (IVpatient controlled analgesia and Thoracic Epidural Analgesia) in terms of analgesia and surgical complications in patients with upper abdominal surgery. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, the subjects were chosen from the patients referred to Besat hospital in Hamadan for upper abdominal surgery. Sample size in each group was 72 patients. Data was collected by a questionnaire that included assessment of pulmonary function, pain levels (in both quantitative and qualitative scales), postoperative complications, analgesic usage, and patient satisfaction. After all data was analyzed by SPSS V: 21. Results: Postoperative pain during the first 24 hours after surgery was higher in epidural group by using quantitative and qualitative methods but in second 24 hours, pain in this group only by qualitative method was more (Which was statistically meaningful). Complications of analgesic techniques were similar in both groups, but nausea in the PCA group and paresthesia in the epidural group was higher. The respiratory parameters measured didn't show significant differences between two methods. Patient satisfaction was greater in the PCA group but there are no differences between groups in satisfaction of nurses. Conclusion: The PCA method is effective as the thoracic epidural analgesia method in reducing post-operative pain, and since this method is simpler and less expensive, it can be used safely for post-operative analgesia. Also, it's better not to use a thoracic epidural method in patients with spinal, neuromuscular and sensory disorders.

Background: The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the potential combined effects of acute exercise and mindfulness mediation on episodic memory. Methods: All data collection occurred in the authors’ laboratory (January to May of 2019). In this three-arm, within-subject design, participants (N=20; Mage=21. 6 years) completed three counterbalanced laboratory visits, including Exercise Only, Exercise + Meditation and Control. Learning and memory were assessed from a word-list task. A one-factor repeated-measures ANOVA was computed for two memory outcomes, including the learning outcome (average performance across the 6 trials) and the long-term memory recall (10-minute delay). Results: The exercise conditions had a greater learning effect when compared to the Control visit, Mdiff = 0. 68 (95% CI: 0. 10, 1. 25), P = 0. 02. The Exercise + Memory visit had better longterm memory when compared to Exercise Only, Mdiff = 0. 95 (95% CI: 0. 07, 1. 83), P = 0. 03. Conclusion: The present experiment provides suggestive evidence that acute exercise may enhance learning and, when coupling acute exercise prior to encoding with meditation during early consolidation, long-term memory may be enhanced.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of four NiTi instruments with different properties (shape memory and control memory), in both rotary and reciprocating motions, during retreatment procedures. Methods and Materials: Mesial canals of thirty-two mandibular molars were instrumented, obturated, and then scanned with” Cone-beam Computed Tomography” (CBCT). Teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8) according to each system: “ Shape Memory” (SM) instruments including Reciproc (R25 file) and ProTaper Next (X3 and X2 file), “ Controlled Memory” (CM) instruments including WaveOne Gold (Primary file) and Hyflex (30. 06 and 25. 06 file). The specimens were rescanned after retreatment procedures. The volume of the residual material left inside the canals, the operating time and the fractured files were analyzed. ANOVA and student t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: There were no significant differences in the percentage of the residual filling material or requiring time amongst different groups of instruments (P>0. 05). However, CM instruments presented the highest frequency of fractured files [2 SM instruments (12. 5%) and 7 CM instruments (43. 75%)] with a significant difference (P=0. 023). Conclusions: This ex vivo study showed that CM and SM instruments can remove filling materials from mandibular mesial root canals during retreatment procedures; nonetheless the CM instruments had a higher frequency of fractured files. No system was able to completely remove the filling materials. Therefore, additional procedures and techniques are needed to improve root canal cleanliness.